Z IRI DAVA
STUDIA ARCHAEOLOGICA
28
2014
MUSEUM ARAD
Z IRI DAVA
STUDIA ARCHAEOLOGICA
28
2014
Editura MEGA
Cluj-Napoca
2014
MUSEUM ARAD
EDITORIAL BOARD
Editor‑in‑chief: Peter Hügel.
Editorial Assistants: Florin Mărginean, Victor Sava.
EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD
M. Cârciumaru (Târgoviște, Romania), S. Cociș (Cluj‑Napoca, Romania), F. Gogâltan (Cluj‑Napoca, Romania),
S. A. Luca (Sibiu, Romania), V. Kulcsár (Szeged, Hungary), T. Miklós (Budapest, Hungary), J. O'Shea (Michigan,
USA), K. Z. Pinter (Sibiu, Romania), I. Stanciu (Cluj‑Napoca, Romania), I. Szatmári (Békéscsaba, Hungary).
In Romania, the periodical can be obtained through subscription or exchange, sent as post shipment,
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Tel. 0040–257–281847.
ZIRIDAVA
STUDIA ARCHAEOLOGICA
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he content of the papers totally involve the responsibility of the authors.
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ISSN‑L 1224–7316
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Contents
Ion Pâslaru, Vitaly Pozhidaev
Percentages in the Study of neolithic Pottery
7
Székely Zsolt
Contributions to the history of archaeological research in Macea, the settlement in Topila (Arad County) 21
Călin Ghemis, Tudor Rus, Robert Kovacs
Between sacred and profane – a discovery belonging to the Coţofeni Culture inside “Stanu Cerbului”
cave (Bihor County)
31
Victor Sava, Luminiţa Andreica, Xenia Pop, Florin Gogâltan
Out of ordinary or common burial practice? A Funerary Discovery from the Baden Settlement at
Sântana “Cetatea Veche”
39
Luminiţa Andreica
Musculoskeletal Markers as Evidence of Physical Activity and Social Diferentiation in the Lower Mureş
77
Valley during the Late Bronze Age
Alexandru Berzovan
Preliminary Considerations on the Dacian Habitation in Vărădia de Mureş “Dealul Cetate”, Arad County
87
(2nd century BC – 1st century A.D.)
Ştefana Cristea
“I am Horus the Savior”. Representations of Horus‑Harpokrates in Roman Dacia
115
Csaba Szabó
Notes on the Mithraic small inds from Sarmizegetusa
135
Csaba Szabó, George Valentin Bounegru, Victor Sava
Mithras rediscovered. Notes on CIMRM 1938
149
Norbert Kapcsos
he Sarmatian Graves of the 4R Archaeological Site Dated to the hird‑Fourth century A.D. Additional
157
Data on the Sarmatian Burial Rite in the Lower Mureş Region
Dan Băcueţ-Crişan
On the Two‑Room Dwelling from Precinct IV of the Early Medieval Fortiication in Dăbâca (Cluj
County) and the Chronology of the First Stage of Fortiication
173
Aurel Dragotă
Eggs as Oferings in Tenth‑Eleventh Century Necropolises
183
Imre Szatmári, György Kerekes
Medieval Villages in the Fields Surrounding Mezőhegyes
193
Erwin Gáll
he Signiicance of the Sites “Aşezare” and “Necropolă” on “Dealul Viilor” in the Development of
Habitat in the Micro‑area of Sighişoara during the Middle Ages (Twelfth‑hirteenth Century). Human
209
Landscape of the Sighisoara Region from the 12th–13th Centuries
Anca Nițoi, Claudia Urduzia
Elements of Fortiication of the Medieval and Early Modern City of Sibiu. he Tower Gate and the
Gate’s Bastion. Historical and Archaeological Considerations
243
Zsuzsanna Kopeczny, Florin Mărginean
Medieval Stove Tiles in the Collection of the Museum of Banat Discovered in the Fortiication of
Şoimoş (Arad County)
259
Abbreviations
273
Notes on the Mithraic small finds from Sarmizegetusa
Csaba Szabó
Abstract: Between 1882 and 1883 PálKirály and his team excavated the only Mithraic sanctuary (mihraeum)
known from ColoniaUlpiaTraianaSarmizegetusa. he mithraeum was published in a separate monograph and in
various articles, attracting also the interest of the international scholarship – entering in the bibliography, as
the „biggest” sanctuary ever found outside Rome. In our article we will present shortly the discovery of the
sanctuary focusing especially on those few objects, which were published very laconic, known at the moment as
the only Mithraic small inds from Sarmizegetusa.
Keywords: Mithras, mithraeum, ColoniaUlpiaTraianaSarmizegetusa, votive small inds, Roman religion.
he recent stage of the Mithraic studies are dealing with a change of paradigm, orienting the focus
of the research from the iconography and from the quest for the origins, to the local and archaeological
aspects of the cult1. he intense study and the systematic excavations of the recently found sanctu‑
aries ofered a huge amount of new, archaeological material which can be interpreted inally, in their
own, local and archaeological context2. After the discovery of the Mithraic sanctuary from Apulum in
2008, the Romanian historiography must change also his focus from iconography to the votive small
indsand the local, social, economic and religious networks of the cult3.
his article is dealing with one of the most discussed Mithraic sanctuary, many time quoated in
the international and Romanian bibliography as the “biggest” sanctuary from the Danubian provinces
and even from the whole Empire. It’s tremendous amount of reliefs provoked in the end of the 19thcen‑
tury a unique scholarly efervescence, attracting the leading scholars of Mithraism in Transylvania.
he case of the mithraeum from Sarmizegetusa shows the current state of the Romanian research: the
historiography focused almost exclusively on the reliefs and the iconography, neglecting the small
inds and the rituals behind these small objects. Reinterpreting and analyzing in details these objects
open a new path in the research, changing our view not only about the “biggest” Mithraic sanctuary
ever discovered, but also about the internal geography of a mithraeum.
he irst mithraeum excavated in Transylvania
he cult of Mithras in Dacia was well attested in the 19thcentury and even before, due to some
well known reliefs and inscriptions from Apulum and other localities4. However, fewof them came
from UlpiaTraianaSarmizegetusa, the capital of the province. One of them (CIMRM 2146=CIL III
1436) was found in 1856 in Várhely (Sarmizegetusa village). he exact place and condition of the
discovery is unknown. heodor Mommsen saw the altar at Grădiştea or Abrud at the local priest.
Russu airms – without explanation – that the altar was found „in the mithraeum” (IDR III/2, 282,
CIMRM 2141–2152)5.
In the end of the 19th century, the newly founded Historical and Archaeological Association of
Hunyad County (Hunyad megyei Történelmiés Régészeti Társulat) begun their extensive excavations at
Sarmizegetusa, marking the beginning of the irstsystematic research of a Roman city in the ex – terri‑
tory of Dacia6. In the end of the1870’s some local inhabitants of Várhely (today Sarmizegetusa village)
1
2
3
4
5
6
Mastrocinque 2013, 59–89; Versluys 2013, 235–260.
Klenner 2012a, 113–128; Szabó 2013a, 54–60.
Gui 2012, 39–40; Martens 2004; Szabó 2013b, 43–72.
Szabó 2014a.
Király 1886, 11–12.
Piso, Ţentea 2011, 112; Boda 2013, 379; Vincze 2014, 34–35.
ZIRIDAVA, STUDIA ARCHAEOLOGICA, 28, p. 135–148
136 ◆
Csaba Szabó
discovered some Mithraic inds. Soon, the Association from Deva bought the inds with the help of
Sámuel Nemes and the systematic excavations could begin at 5th July, 1882.
PálKirály (1853 – 1929) directed the excavations with the help of Gábor Téglás.he irst season
took only ten days, in which period the team discovered around 260 fragmentary monuments – the
biggest ind of this kind ever found in the Roman Empire. However, the exact number of the inds
are unknown. Király’s catalogue presents 184 pieces, but he speaks about 250–260 pieces in his
introduction7. Vermaseren’s corpus enroll 112 pieces (CIMRM 2028–2140) trying to it together the
extremely fragmentary reliefs. A diferent number of monuments appears in the corpus of Cumont.
he later catalogues usually just copied the repertory of Cumont and Vermaseren, neglecting the orig‑
inal publication8. he discovery became very famous in Europe, many of the foreign scholars – like
Franz Studnicka and Otto Benndorf – visiting personally the site and the museum of Devaexamining
the monuments9. Later, the “patriarch of Mithraic studies”, Franz Cumont also visited Transylvania
collecting personally the rich Mithraic material of the province10. A second season took place between
14 and 26th August, 1883, when further monuments were found, examining the surrounding area of
the sanctuary11. Király, with the help of Károly Torma, József Hampel, Gábor Téglás and Géza Kuun,
catalogued the material of the sanctuary and published in a Hungarian monograph in 1886.His book
became one of the most quoted – but less read – works of the Mithraic historiography. Cumont didn’t
read the manuscript of Király, using for his corpus only his personal visit and examination. Vermaseren
used a translation by Henri Boissin, a French orientalist. he later publishers usually just copied the
interpretation of Cumont and Vermaseren. he rich material was partially republished during the last
130 years12.
Without entering in details about the excavation, it is important to mention some particulari‑
ties of this ind. First, the extreme number of the monuments (around 260 artifacts) is so unusual,
that it suggestor a later deposition and votive spolia from many diferent Mithraic sites of the city
or a possible workshop – center for reliefs13.here are no Mithraic sanctuaries in the Roman Empire
with such amount of reliefs found inasame place (more than 50 relief – fragments in a same spot: see
Fig. 1). Similar deposits we can ind in Merida (CIMRM 772), Sidon (CIMRM 74), the Walbrook mithraeum (CIMRM 815) or in Apulum (CIMRM 1953)14. It is possible that the inds came from multiple
mithraea, however, the topography of Sarmizegetusa at the moment doesn’t help us to identify the
sanctuaries, even if some scholars suggested the existence of three mithraea in Sarmizegetusa15. If
they come from one sanctuary, than we need to reconsider the inside geography of a mithraeum16.
he iconographic typology of the reliefs, the material used suggesting a single provenience and a local
workshop17. he example of Tienen shows that this kind of sanctuaries based on a collegia‑ system
were in strict relation with mass production of pottery18. Other studies revealed the important role
of the commercial and merchant groups and collegia with the Mithraic communities in Ostia or even
in Dacia19.
he plan of the sanctuary – reconstructed by Király as a monumental, 44,23 m long building – is
an exaggerated one, which need to be reinterpreted(ig. I.)20. He get this unusual size from a very
sophisticated equation based on the two monographs available at that time21. here are few sanctu‑
aries with similar dimensions in the Empire (CIMRM 1682) which makes sure that his calculation
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Király 1886, 3–4.
Garcia 2010; Pintilie 2003; Sicoe 2014.
Studnicka 1883, 200–225; Studnicka 1884, 34–51; Király 1885, 260–269.
Cumont 1893, 289–299; Popescu 2000, 21–50.
Király 1886, 11.
Király 1891, MMM II280f, CIMRM 2027–2140; Garcia 2010; Pintilie 2003; Szabó 2010; Sicoe 2014.
Sicoe 2014, 59–70.
See: Christescu 1927–32, 620–625; Sicoe 2004, 285–302; Gordon 2009, 413, note 170; Dirven, McCarty 2014, 127–144.
Alicu 2002, 221–222.
Gordon 1976, 119–168; Beck 2006, 105; Szabó 2012,125–134.
Sicoe 2004, 285–302.
Martens 2004b, 335.
Rohde 2012, 247–263; Szabó 2014b.
Király 1886, 16.
Habel 1830; Visconti 1864.
Notes on the Mithraic small inds from Sarmizegetusa
◆ 137
is wrong22. However, the international bibliography still use the plan of Király without questioning
its authenticity23.
Fig. 1. Plan of the sanctuary with the position of the small inds (after Király 1886).
he small inds of the Mithraeum
Beside the impressive quantity of igurative and epigraphic monuments found in the sanctuary,
a particular group of objects need to be analyzed – neglected till now by the scholarship. he votive
small inds found in the mithraeum of Sarmizegetusa are extremely important, because they are the
only sources of this kind from the city and the biggest amount from the province excavated till now.
Important to mention, that the detailed description of the mithraeum from Slăveni from 1837 and
the one fromfromDeceaMureşului from 1888 also mention some votive small inds. Very interesting
is the description of Blaremberg, who mentions probably a votive deposit in the entrance of the sanc‑
tuary and some “fragmentary pieces (“sfărămături”) which could be interpreted as pottery too24. From
Decea, Károly Herepei mentioned “four painted ceramics” which came from an amphora25.
he votive small inds are extremely important sources for the understanding of the internal
structure, liturgy and religious activity inside of a religious community26. Until the recent systematic
excavations, the pottery, terracotta, glass and small bronze objects were neglected by the scholarship,
enrolling them laconically in a repertory, focusing their study on the igurative and epigraphic mate‑
rial. After 2004 the studies are focusing intensively on the interpretation of the small inds too27. he
sanctuaries discovered and published in the last twenty years – most notably the sanctuariesfrom
Tienen, Bornheim – Sechtem, Güglingen II, Els Munts and the reexamination of the Crypta Balbi mithraeum from Rome – revealed the importance of the small inds in the rituals, integrating this category
also in the so called “star – talk” or sacred geography of the mithraeum28.
From the 184 objects enrolled in Király’s repertory, there are 29 “building elements”and only
22 small inds named by he as “interior ixtures”. It is possible, that in 1879, the owner of the ield
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Clauss 1993, 43; Tarrats, Remola 2008, 95–117.
Schäfer 2007, 387.
Petolescu 1976, 455–461.
Takács 1987, 173–177.
Martens 2012, 12–21; Gui 2012, 37–45.
Martens 2004.
Martens 2004b, 333.
138 ◆
Csaba Szabó
found other small inds too29. After the discovery the inds were taken to the newly founded Museum
of Deva. Some of the elements are mentioned very shortly also in other works of Király and at
Vermaseren (CIMRM 2033)30.Gábor Téglás, as an appendix of Király’s volume, made a short summary
on the osteological material – the irst of this kind ever published from amithraeum. He mentions
that the osteological material was highly chared. Téglás tried to identify the animal types, enrolling
the ovisaries, caprahircus, susscropha, gallusdomesticus, capreoluscapreolus. His short report can’t replace
such a detailed analysis as in the osteological material of Tienen was made31. In that case the almost
14000 animal bones were analyzed very carefully, showing the presence of various bird species (mainly
fowl, goose) and pigs, cattle, goats and two eels. heir study proved the importance of the cock and
fowl, as the case of Künzigmithreum, presented much more in the sanctuaries. hey explained this
as a special ofer and a Mithraic symbol. he case of Crypta Balbi‑ and other urban centers – however
shows a high percentage of pigs in the sacred banquet32. General osteological researches show that the
high percentage of the pigs and birds relects only a general tendency and not a special cultic activity33.
In many sanctuaries – such as the case of Martigny – large amount of coins were found, possibly
thrown intentionally as a part of a ritual34. In the case of the Sarmizegetusamithareum, there is no
report about numismatic inds in the sanctuary.
he majority of the small inds was published without the exact inding spot and detailed archae‑
ological context, thus their interpretation could be very laconic. he number of the small inds is
disproportionately small in comparison with the igurate and epigraphic monuments, which could
suggest that the monuments came from multiple sanctuaries of the city. he archaeological method‑
ology of thatperiod could serve also as an explanation for the extremely small number of small inds,
the archaeologists being focused to collect only the most relevant and complete pieces. As an analogy,
the mithraeum I. from Poetovio was excavated also in this period (1898 – 1899). Although, it contains
more than twenty stone monuments, Vermaseren enroll only 2 small inds: a bronze raven and a
dagger (CIMRM 1508). In the recently found sanctuaries – Tienen, Heidelberg, Martigny, Bornheim –
Sechtem, Güglingen II – the number of the small inds are much higher than in the great sanctuaries
discovered earlier and excavated fastly, with an old methodology. What is sure, is that the presence of
the small inds proves the existence of rituals and cultic activity inside of the building.
he glass and pottery material (rep. nr. 1–7.) shows clearly the presence of the sacred banquet,
attested many times now not only from literary sources, graities (CIMRM 64) and iconographic
representations, but also from archaeological evidencefrom Mithraicand other cultic places too35.
None of the presented objects has a speciic, “Mithraic” feature or iconography –as we can ind in
some exceptional cases36. he drawings of Király are very bad, making problematic the identiication
of their typology and functionality. Piece nr.7. is an unknown form, but could be easily interpreted as
a lid or as a Pompeian Red plate present usually in Mithras sanctuaries37. Both drinking and cooking
vessels are present, however this insigniicant amount doesn’t help us to estimate the number of the
participants such as in the case of Tienen38.
A very important object is the small knife (Rep. nr.15.) found in the naos of the sanctuary –
the only small ind from the excavated, archaeologically attested part of the building. Published as
a “sacriicial knife”by Király, the role of the object is unknown. he size and form of the object is
typical for Sarmizegetusa, however the lower part is slightly diferent from this type39. he publishers
mentions that there is only 2 examples for this type in Sarmizegetusa (nr. 108 and an unpublished
one) omitting to mention this object. he same happened with the bronze objects too. he presence
of knifes, daggers and even swords in Mithraic context is very common, their interpretation varies
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
Király 1886, 17.
Kuun 1902, 73–79.
Lentackeret al. 2004.
Mazzorin 2004, 179.
Lauweier 1988; Gudea 2009; Molnár 2012.
Sauer 2004, 330.
László et al. 2005, 103–108; Schäfer et al. 2006, 183–200; Ciută 2010, 185–199; Martens 2012, 261–273; Bocancea 2013.
Gassner 2004, 229–239; Wiblé 2004, 135–146.
Luginbühlet al. 2004, 115.
Martens 2004a, 34.
Alicu et al. 1994, type III, 27; Manning 1976, 37–38; Bozic 2001, 28–30.
Notes on the Mithraic small inds from Sarmizegetusa
◆ 139
from “sacriicial objects” to “ritual objects” or simple cutlery (CIMRM 882, 1069, 1080, 1115, 1132,
1412)40. he fragmentation of the osteological material from Tienen shows also the procedure used in
the preparation for the sacred banquet, where knife played only a banal, laic role of cutlery.
However, the knife appears many times also in the Mithraic iconographyon reliefs, statues and
even altars (CIMRM 1150) and ‑as an akinakes – a symbol of the perses grade41. On the loor of the
Felicissimusmithraeum, a dagger (or sickle) appears as the symbol of the pater – the highest rank in
the initiation. he small Mithras hands made in bronze represents also the knife, as a ritual object –
many times the knife itself being separately attached to the hand. hese small bronze objects are very
popular in the Germanic provinces42. A very similar analogy to the Sarmizegetusan example we can
ind in Poetovio, from the I. mithraeum (CIMRM 1508b). In this case, a bronze raven was perched on
a dagger. here we can presume also a ritual meaning of the object.
he knife or the sword represented with Mithras Petrogenitus in an orphic context could repre‑
sent the creator weapon of Saturnus and in this context, had an important role in initiation rituals too
– as we can see in the frescoes of Santa Prisca or Capua Vetere (CIMRM 187 – 193). Another interpre‑
tation is – at least for the iconographic scenes of tauroctony – that Mithras carries the knife of Aries,
the symbol of Mars43. he presence of this object – independently from it’s interpretation – is very
important, because it reveals a particular part of the internal life of the local community.
he bronze and iron objects also represents a very interesting aspect of the material. he pres‑
ence of some possible bronze vessels, furniture decorations (knobs), scissors and the iron hook could
indicate the material reminiscence of a sacral banquet, however the exact function of these objects are
unknown. he hook with 8 form links could serve as a keeper of a cauldron. here are no analogy for a
scissors in a mithraeum, their functionality here could be more banal, than the context of a sanctuary
could suggest. Rep. nr. 13, identiied by us as a knob is very similar to a small, unidentiied object
from Tienen44. he presence of a furniture decoration is very surprising, our knowledge and imagina‑
tion about the interior design of a mithraeum missed till now this aspect. here are few representa‑
tions however, which indicate the presence of chairs or tables (CIMRM 42, 390, 481, 782, 798, 1083,
1137,1175, 1301, 1896). heir position, the dining spaces of a mithraeum – represented especially on
our modern reconstructions on the podiums – needs a new methodology to approach45.
Similarly, the three integrally preserved oil lamps represent a particular aspect of the cult. he
sanctuary of Mithras – a reconstructed spelaeum and sacred space – was meant to be dark and mystical,
increasing the sensual and psychological efect of the artiicially created, religious space on the worshi‑
pers46. he lamps (Rep. nr. 16–18) are typical irmalamps (irmalampen – Loeschcke × type) probably
made in a local workshop47. One of them (Rep. nr. 17) signed with the stamp of FORTIS, the most
popular workshop in the Empire and in Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa too, with many subdivisions and
types48. he role of the lamps in the Mithraic context probably difers from those ind in Asklepeions
or other sanctuaries, such as in the case of the possible Deus Aeternus sanctuary from Apulum49. As
in some modern reconstructions we can see, the interior of a mithraeum was slightly illuminated.
Important to mention however, that most of the 3D reconstructions are purely hypothetical (an
exception is the CryptaBalbi sanctuary50). he role of the oil lamps in this case was not necessary a
cultic, but a pragmatic one, representing furthermore a personal object of the worshiper as in many,
private spaces too(Gui‑Petruţ 2012). Almost every mithraeum has oil lamps, most of them from local
or regional production, without any speciic decoration51. It is very surprising that in a much more
smaller sanctuary such as Tienen, they found 12 oil lamps. heir functionality was only a pragmatic
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
Martens 2004a, 39; Schatzmann 2004, 19, ig. 10: 3; Kortüm, Neth 2005, 227; Klenner 2012b.
Chalupa 2013, 12.
Marquart 2004.
Beck 2006, 107.
Martens 2004a, 40, nr. 12: 5.
Klöckner 2013.
László et al. 2005, 238–252;Borgeaud 2013, 131–144; Chaniotis 2013, 169–190.
Harris 1980, 131; Benea 2008, 301–340.
Harris 1980, 137; Alicu 1994, 22 –24; Roman 2006, 548–549; Benea 2008, 304.
Zeleanu 1943, 98, IDR III/5, 25, 29.
Ricci 2005, 163; Scherrer 2010, 341–352.
Martens 2004a, 34.
140 ◆
Csaba Szabó
one. However, in some rare cases, like in Rome, the Crypta Balbi mithraeum or the Aventicumwe ind
the thymiaterion form lamps or altar shaped lamps which surely played a special role in the sanctuary52.
In the CryptaBalbimithraeum we can ind also imported pieces from North Africa53.
Conclusions
he small inds of the mithraeum of Sarmizegetusa were ignored by the Romanian and interna‑
tional scholarship, the research focusing on the impressive amount of reliefs and epigraphic monu‑
ments – which made this sanctuary so unique not only in Dacia, but also in the whole Empire. he
republication of the small inds of the irst, systematically excavated mithraeum of Dacia has the
main aim to show the importance of these small objects in the local community, highlighting also the
perspectives for the Romanian archaeology of religion, which must focus more carefully on this aspect
of the Roman religion too. he repertory serve also as an appendix for the important work of Alicu –
Cociş – Ilieş – Soroceanu 1994.
Repertory of the small inds54
1. Glass fragments
Exact ind – spot: in the navy of the sanctuary (see Fig. 1).
Description: three, fragmentary piece of a glass plate. he plate lays on a 0,007 m thick, oval basis. he outer
verge of the piece is 0,05 m and it’s slightly inclined downwards. For an easier use, it was two handles, one of
them is partially preserved. A nice, transparent glass with micaceouscolours.(Fig. 2). Bibliography: Király 1886,
23–24.
2. Glass jar base
Exact ind – spot: unknown. Description: base of a glass vessel, probably a jar. Very thin material.It’scolour is
identical with the previous one. Diameter: 0,05 m. Bibliography: Király 1886, 23–24.
3. Lip of a glass jar
Exact ind – spot: unknown. Description: rudimentary fragment of the lip from a green jar. Diameter: 0,06 m.
Bibliography: Király 1886, 23–24.
4. Ceramic vessel fragment
Exact ind – spot: unknown. Description: fragment of a round vessel with spout. he exterior diameter of the
vessel (estimating from the fragment): 0,58 m. Interior diameter: 0,44 m. Bibliography: Király 1886, 23–24.
5. Ceramic vessel fragment
Exact ind – spot: unknown. Description: fragment of a ceramic vessel, probably a lip of a pot. Bibliography:
Király 1886, 23–24.
6. Foot of a vessel
Exact ind – spot: unknown. Description: Rudimentary fragment of a foot. Bibliography: Király 1886, 23–24.
7. Round bowl (or lid)
Exact indspot: in the central navy of the sanctuary (see Fig. 2). Description: thick, 0,03 m deep, rotund bowl.
he four fragments its perfectly together. he form is unusual for a lid, it is possible that the drawings are not
accurate (ig. III.). Bibliography: Király 1886, 23–24.
8. Marble bowl fragment
Exact indspot: unknown. Description: bluish marble bowl fragment with ear. Bibliography: Király 1886, 23–24.
9. hree fragments of bowls
Exact indspot: unknown. Description: three, round fragments of diferent sizes. Bibliography: Király 1886,
23–24.
10. Bronze plate fragment
Exact indspot: unknown. Description: the object is covered with beautiful patina. he exact function of the
object is unknown. Long: 0,118 m, hickness: 0,002 m, width: 0,027–0,04 m. (Fig. 4). Bibliography: Király 1886,
23–24.
11. Bronze link
Exact ind – spot: unknown. Description: Elegant, green patina. he exact role of the object is unknown, prob‑
ably a link or decorative element. Exterior diameter: 0,055 m, interior diameter: 0,035 m. hickness: 0,003 m.
(Fig. 5). Bibliography: Király 1886, 23–24. See also: Alicu et al. 1994, 108.
52
53
54
Sagui 2004, 173–174.
Sagui 2004, 174.
Faithful translation of Király’s text with further notes and possible interpretations of the objects.
Notes on the Mithraic small inds from Sarmizegetusa
◆ 141
12. Bronze scissors
Exact ind – spot: unknown. Description: After Király, it is a bronze ear of a vessel with trapezoid decoration. he
patina is light and green. In fact, it is the upper part of a scissors. he distance between the two edges is 0,025 m.
Height: 0,023 m, thickness: 0,004 m. (Fig. 6). Bibliography: Király 1886, 23–24. Analogy: Duvauchelle 1990,
106, abb. 136, Deschler 1997, 57, abb. 53.
13. Bronze vessel’s fragment
Exact ind – spot: unknown. Description: After Király it is a foot of a bronze vessel covered with intense, green
patina. he form of the object indicates however that it is a decoration of a furniture (knob). Height: 0,025 m.
Upper diameter: 0,015 m, Lower diameter: 0,01 m. (Fig. 7). Bibliography: Király 1886, 23–24.
14. Iron chain (probably a hook)
Exact ind – spot: unknown. Description: iron chain fragment with hanger. he links were eight – shaped, from
which the second from the lower part was longer. 4 links preserved. (Fig. 8). Bibliography: Király 1886, 23–24.
See also: Alicu et al. 1994, 26.
15. Knife
Exact ind – spot: in the naos of the sanctuary (see ig. I.).Description: iron knife. Length with the hadle: 0,115 m.
Length of the blade: 0,07 m. Width: 0,02 m. (Fig. 9). Bibliography: Király 1886, 23–24, CIMRM 2033, Alicu et
al. 1994, 26–27.
16. Lamp
Exact ind – spot: probably from the pronaos of the sanctuary (see Fig. 1). Description: one lamed oil lamp. he
gloss is yellowish – red. he top is decorated with a face of a long haired male – later identiied as a theatre mask.
Partially broken ear.(Fig. 10). Bibliography: Király 1886, 23–24, CIMRM 2033, Alicu 1994, nr. 470.
17. Lamp
Exact ind – spot: probably in the pronaos of the sanctuary (see Fig. 1). Description: oil lamp without ear.
Fragmentations on the top and on left side. On the bottom in three circles an inscription: FORTIS (Fig. 11a and
11b.). Bibliography: Király 1886, 23–24, CIMRM 2033, Alicu 1994, nr. 517.
Fig. 2. Rep. nr. 1.
Fig. 3. Rep. nr. 7.
142 ◆
Csaba Szabó
Fig. 4. Rep. nr. 10.
18. Lamp
Exact ind – spot: probably in the pronaos of the sanctuary (see Fig. 1). Description: Rudimentary crafted oil
lamp with ear. Integrally preserved, the gloss worn out. Bibliography: Király 1886, 23–24.
19. “Gypsum” object
Exact ind – spot: unknown. Description: fragmentary ball, used at sacriices. Diameter of the preserved part:
0,089 m.
Bibliography: Király 1886, 23–24.
20. Melted plumb fragment
Exact ind – spot: unknown. Description: no further details.
Bibliography: Király 1886, 23–24.
Fig. 5. Rep. nr. 11.
Fig. 6. Rep. nr. 12.
Notes on the Mithraic small inds from Sarmizegetusa
Fig. 7. Rep. nr. 13.
Fig. 8. Rep. nr. 14.
Fig. 9. Rep. nr. 15.
Fig. 10a. Rep. nr. 16.
◆ 143
144 ◆
Csaba Szabó
Fig. 10b. Rep. nr. 16 (photo: OanaTutila, MCDR).
Fig. 11a. Rep. nr. 17.
Fig. 11b. Rep. nr. 17.
Acknowledgements
I owe special thanks for dr. Mariana Egri, dr. Silvia Mustaţa, dr. Dávid Petruţ and Oana Tutilă for
their kindly help and suggestions.
Csaba Szabó
University of Pécs
Erfurt Universität
Pécs, HU; Erfurt DE
szabo.csaba.pte@gmail.com
Notes on the Mithraic small inds from Sarmizegetusa
◆ 145
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Abbreviations
ActaArchHung
Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. Budapest.
ActaHist
Acta Historica. Szeged.
Acta Siculica
Acta Siculica. Sfântu Gheorghe.
Aluta
Aluta. Revista Muzeului Național Secuiesc Sfântu Gheorghe.
Alba Regia
Alba Regia. Annales Musei Stephani Regis. Székesfehérvár.
AMN
Acta Musei Napocensis. Cluj‑Napoca.
AMP
Acta Musei Porolissensis. Muzeul Judeţean de Istorie şi Artă
Zalău. Zalău.
ATS
Acta Terrae Septemcastrensis. Sibiu.
AISC
Anuarul Institutului de studii clasice Cluj Napoca. Cluj‑Napoca.
AnB S.N.
Analele Banatului – serie nouă. Timişoara.
Apulum
Apulum. Alba‑Iulia.
AÉ
Archaeologiai Értesitõ. Budapest.
Areopolisz
Areopolisz. Történelmi‑ és társadalomtudományi tanulmányok Odorheiu
Secuiesc / Székelyudvarhely.
ArhMed
Arheologia Medievală. Iași.
ArchRozhl
Archeologické Rozhledy. Praga.
ArhVest
Arheološki Vestnik. Ljubljana.
Banatica
Banatica. Muzeul Banatului Montan. Reșița.
BHAUT
Bibliotheca Historica et Archaeologica Universitatis Timisiensis.
BAR International Series
British Archaeological Reports, International Series. Oxford.
BAM
Brukenthal Acta Musei. Sibiu.
BMMK
A Békés Megyei múzeumok közleményei, Békéscsába.
CAH
Communicationes Archaeologicae Hungariae. Budapest.
Cerc. Arh.
Cercetări Arheologice. Bucureşti.
CIL
Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum.
CIMRM
Corpus Inscriptionum et Monumentorum Religionis Mithriacae.
CCA
Cronica Cercetărilor arheologice din România. Bucureşti.
Crisia
Crisia, Muzeul Ţării Crişurilor. Oradea.
Dacia N.S.
Dacia. Recherches et Découvertes Archéologiques en Roumanie, Bucureşti; seria
nouă (N.S.): Dacia. Revue d’Archéologie et d’Histoire Ancienne. Bucureşti.
DissArch
Dissertationis Archaelogicae (Budapest).
Dolg
Dolgozatok. Szeged.
EphNap
Ephemeris Napocensis. Cluj‑Napoca.
EL
Erdővidéki Lapok. Barót/Baraolt.
EM
Erdélyi Múzeum. Kolozsvár/Cluj‑Napoca.
Isis
Isis. Erdélyi Magyar Restaurátor Füzetek. Cluj‑Napoca / Kolozsvár.
JbRGZM
Jahrbuch des Römisch‑Germanischen Ztentralmuseums Mainz. Mainz.
Marisia
Marisia. Studii și materiale. Arheologie – Istorie – Etnograie. Târgu‑Mureș.
MCA
Materiale şi Cercetări Arheologice. București.
ZIRIDAVA, STUDIA ARCHAEOLOGICA, 28, p. 273–274
274 ◆
Abbreviations
MFMÉ StudArch
A Móra Ferenc Múzeum Évkönyve. Studia Archaeologica. Szeged.
MFMÉ MonArch
A Móra Ferenc Múzeum Évkönyve. Monumenta Archeologica. Szeged.
OpArch
Opvscvla Archaeologica. Zagreb.
OpHung
Opuscula Hungarica. Budapest.
Pontica
Pontica, Constanţa.
PZ
Prähistorische Zeitschrift. Berlin.
RMM‑MIA
Revista Muzeelor și Monumentelor – seria Monumente Istorice și de Artă.
București.
Sargeția NS
Sargeția NS. Deva.
SlovArch
Slovenská Archeológia. Nitra.
Soproni Szemle
Soproni Szemle kulturtörténeti folyóirat. Sopron.
StudCom
Studia Comitatensia. Tanulmányok Pest megye múzeumaiból. Szentendre.
ŠtudZvesti
Študijne Zvesti Arheologického Ústavu Slovenskej Akademie Vied. Nitra.
Stud. şi Cerc. Num.
Studii şi Cercetări de Istorie Veche şi Arheologie. Bucureşti.
SCIVA
Studii şi Cercetări de Istorie Veche (şi Arheologie). Bucureşti.
StComSatuMare
Studii şi Comunicări. Satu Mare.
hraco‑Dacica
hraco‑Dacica. Bucureşti.
VMMK
A Veszprém megyei Múzeumok Közleményei. Veszprém.
VTT
Veszprémi Történelmi Tár. Veszprém.
Ziridava
Ziridava, Complexul Muzeal Arad. Arad.